图1 猩猩化石和现生猩猩分布 修改自文献 [9]/ Modified from the referenc [9]。1.狮子岩; 2.罗坑洞; 3.双岩洞; 4.七星岩洞; 5.下山洞; 6.山背岩;7.独石仔洞; 8.观塘洞; 9.飞树洞;10.黄岩洞; 11.岩灰洞; 12.麻窝口洞; 13.河上洞; 14.仙人洞; 15.仙人二洞; 16.九龙洞;17.磨盘山洞; 18.柳城巨猿洞; 19.通天岩; 20.咁前岩; 21.母鸡山洞; 22.巴马巨猿洞; 23.感仙洞; 24.雾云洞; 25.定模洞;26.大新黑洞; 27.岜仙洞; 28.百孔洞; 29.崇左巨猿洞; 30.三合大洞; 31.缺缺洞; 32.一线天洞; 33.智人洞; 34.双坛洞; 35.渠仔洞;36.宜村洞; 37.新冲洞; 38. Coc Muoi, Vietnam; 39. Tham Khuyen, Vietnam; 40. Keo Leng, Vietnam; 41. Hang Hum, Vietnam; 42. Nguom, Vietnam;43. Duoi U’Oi, Vietnam; 44. Lang Trang, Vietnam; 45. Tham Om, Vietnam; 46. Nam Lot, Laos; 47. Ban Fa Suai I, Thailand;48. Tham Prakai Phet, Thailand; 49. Thum Wiman Nakin, Thailand; 50. Boh Dambang, Thailand; 51. Badak Cave C, Malaysia; 52. Batu Caves, Malaysia;53. Padang Highland Caves, Sumatra; 54. Niah Cave, Borneo; 55. Madai Caves, Borneo; 56. Sangiran, Java; 57. Trinil, Java; 58. Punung, Java
Fig.1 The geographical distribution of the Pleistocene and extant Pongo sites
图1 猩猩化石和现生猩猩分布 修改自文献 [9]/ Modified from the referenc [9]。1.狮子岩; 2.罗坑洞; 3.双岩洞; 4.七星岩洞; 5.下山洞; 6.山背岩;7.独石仔洞; 8.观塘洞; 9.飞树洞;10.黄岩洞; 11.岩灰洞; 12.麻窝口洞; 13.河上洞; 14.仙人洞; 15.仙人二洞; 16.九龙洞;17.磨盘山洞; 18.柳城巨猿洞; 19.通天岩; 20.咁前岩; 21.母鸡山洞; 22.巴马巨猿洞; 23.感仙洞; 24.雾云洞; 25.定模洞;26.大新黑洞; 27.岜仙洞; 28.百孔洞; 29.崇左巨猿洞; 30.三合大洞; 31.缺缺洞; 32.一线天洞; 33.智人洞; 34.双坛洞; 35.渠仔洞;36.宜村洞; 37.新冲洞; 38. Coc Muoi, Vietnam; 39. Tham Khuyen, Vietnam; 40. Keo Leng, Vietnam; 41. Hang Hum, Vietnam; 42. Nguom, Vietnam;43. Duoi U’Oi, Vietnam; 44. Lang Trang, Vietnam; 45. Tham Om, Vietnam; 46. Nam Lot, Laos; 47. Ban Fa Suai I, Thailand;48. Tham Prakai Phet, Thailand; 49. Thum Wiman Nakin, Thailand; 50. Boh Dambang, Thailand; 51. Badak Cave C, Malaysia; 52. Batu Caves, Malaysia;53. Padang Highland Caves, Sumatra; 54. Niah Cave, Borneo; 55. Madai Caves, Borneo; 56. Sangiran, Java; 57. Trinil, Java; 58. Punung, Java
Fig.1 The geographical distribution of the Pleistocene and extant Pongo sites
图2 猩猩魏氏种和猩猩戴氏种下颌门齿比较图 1-3.猩猩魏氏种，来自于感仙洞P. weidenreichi, from Ganxian Cave[8]；4-8.猩猩戴氏种，来自于中山洞P. devosi, from Zhongshan Cave [71]。从图中可见，猩猩魏氏种和戴氏种下颌门齿齿带的发育程度差异很大，猩猩魏氏种下颌门齿齿带不发育或者发育程度很弱，而猩猩戴氏种下颌门齿齿带很发育
Fig.2 Comparison of mandibular incisors of P. weidenreichi and P. devosi The cingulum development of the mandibular incisor of P. weidenreichi and P. devosi varies considerably, with P. weidenreichi being either undeveloped or weakly developed, while the P. devosi is developed very well
图2 猩猩魏氏种和猩猩戴氏种下颌门齿比较图 1-3.猩猩魏氏种，来自于感仙洞P. weidenreichi, from Ganxian Cave[8]；4-8.猩猩戴氏种，来自于中山洞P. devosi, from Zhongshan Cave [71]。从图中可见，猩猩魏氏种和戴氏种下颌门齿齿带的发育程度差异很大，猩猩魏氏种下颌门齿齿带不发育或者发育程度很弱，而猩猩戴氏种下颌门齿齿带很发育
Fig.2 Comparison of mandibular incisors of P. weidenreichi and P. devosi The cingulum development of the mandibular incisor of P. weidenreichi and P. devosi varies considerably, with P. weidenreichi being either undeveloped or weakly developed, while the P. devosi is developed very well
图3 东南亚大陆更新世以来猩猩牙齿化石齿冠面积R值分布图 TPP为泰国的Tham Prakai Phet地点。图中R值的分布向右侧偏移时，代表遗址中猩猩牙齿化石整体尺寸较大，而R值的分布向左侧偏移时，代表遗址中猩猩牙齿化石整体尺寸较小。
Fig.3 Dental size (R value) distribution of the orangutan assemblage in Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene period TPP represents the Tham Prakai Phet site in Thailand. The distribution of R-values in the figure is shifted to the right to represent a larger overall size of orangutan teeth fossils at the site, while the distribution of R-values is shifted to the left to represent a smaller overall size of orangutan teeth fossils at the site
图3 东南亚大陆更新世以来猩猩牙齿化石齿冠面积R值分布图 TPP为泰国的Tham Prakai Phet地点。图中R值的分布向右侧偏移时，代表遗址中猩猩牙齿化石整体尺寸较大，而R值的分布向左侧偏移时，代表遗址中猩猩牙齿化石整体尺寸较小。
Fig.3 Dental size (R value) distribution of the orangutan assemblage in Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene period TPP represents the Tham Prakai Phet site in Thailand. The distribution of R-values in the figure is shifted to the right to represent a larger overall size of orangutan teeth fossils at the site, while the distribution of R-values is shifted to the left to represent a smaller overall size of orangutan teeth fossils at the site
图4 东南亚大陆猩猩牙齿化石大小分布与碳同位素分布图 A.晚更新世Late Pleistocene；B.中更新世Middle Pleistocene；C.早更新世Early Pleistocene。修改自Liao et al. (2022)[9]。注：图中猩猩牙齿化石尺寸分布（黑色矩形）向右偏移时，代表猩猩牙齿化石尺寸大，而猩猩猩猩牙齿化石尺寸分布向左偏移时，代表猩猩牙齿化石尺寸偏小。图中碳同位素分布（灰色矩形）向右偏移时，代表开阔的草原环境（以C4植被为主），图中碳同位素分布向左偏移时，代表密闭的森林环境
Fig.4 Comparisons of the dental size distribution of the orangutan assemblage and δ13Cdiet data in mainland Southeast Asia from different periods of the Pleistocene The size distribution of orangutan teeth fossils (black rectangles) shifted to the right in the figure represents large orangutan teeth fossils, while the size distribution of orangutan teeth fossils shifted to the left represents small orangutan teeth fossils. Carbon isotope distribution (grey rectangles) shifted to the right in the figure represents open savannah environments (dominated by C4 vegetation), while carbon isotope distribution shifted to the left represents dense forest environments
图4 东南亚大陆猩猩牙齿化石大小分布与碳同位素分布图 A.晚更新世Late Pleistocene；B.中更新世Middle Pleistocene；C.早更新世Early Pleistocene。修改自Liao et al. (2022)[9]。注：图中猩猩牙齿化石尺寸分布（黑色矩形）向右偏移时，代表猩猩牙齿化石尺寸大，而猩猩猩猩牙齿化石尺寸分布向左偏移时，代表猩猩牙齿化石尺寸偏小。图中碳同位素分布（灰色矩形）向右偏移时，代表开阔的草原环境（以C4植被为主），图中碳同位素分布向左偏移时，代表密闭的森林环境
Fig.4 Comparisons of the dental size distribution of the orangutan assemblage and δ13Cdiet data in mainland Southeast Asia from different periods of the Pleistocene The size distribution of orangutan teeth fossils (black rectangles) shifted to the right in the figure represents large orangutan teeth fossils, while the size distribution of orangutan teeth fossils shifted to the left represents small orangutan teeth fossils. Carbon isotope distribution (grey rectangles) shifted to the right in the figure represents open savannah environments (dominated by C4 vegetation), while carbon isotope distribution shifted to the left represents dense forest environments